Alginic acid, also called algin or alginate, is a viscous gum Natural gums are polysaccharides of natural origin, capable of causing a large viscosity increase in solution, even at small concentrations. In the food industry they are used as thickening agents, gelling agents, emulsifiers and stabilisers. Most often these gums are found in the woody elements of plants or in seed coatings that is abundant in the cell walls A cell wall is a tough, usually flexible but sometimes fairly rigid layer that surrounds some types of cells. It is located outside the cell membrane and provides these cells with structural support and protection, and also acts as a filtering mechanism. A major function of the cell wall is to act as a pressure vessel, preventing over-expansion of brown algae The Phaeophyceae or brown algae, is a large group of mostly marine multicellular algae, including many seaweeds of colder Northern Hemisphere waters. They play an important role in marine environments both as food, and for the habitats they form. For instance Macrocystis, a member of the Laminariales or kelps, may reach 60 m in length, and forms. It ranges from white to yellowish-brown, and takes filamentous, granular and powdered forms. It absorbs water quickly; it is capable of absorbing 200-300 times its own weight in water. [1]
Contents |
Structure
It is a linear copolymer A heteropolymer or copolymer is a polymer derived from two monomeric species, as opposed to a homopolymer where only one monomer is used. Copolymerization refers to methods used to chemically synthesize a copolymer with homopolymeric A polymer is a large molecule composed of repeating structural units typically connected by covalent chemical bonds. While polymer in popular usage suggests plastic, the term actually refers to a large class of natural and synthetic materials with a wide variety of properties blocks of (1-4)-linked β-D-mannuronate (M) and its C-5 epimer In chemistry, epimers are diastereomers that differ in configuration of only one stereogenic center. Diastereomers are a class of stereoisomers that are non-superposable, non-mirror images of one another α-L-guluronate (G) residues, respectively, covalently linked together in different sequences or blocks.
The monomers A monomer is an atom or a small molecule that may bind chemically to other monomers to form a polymer. The most common natural monomer is glucose, which is linked by glycosidic bonds into polymers such as cellulose and starch, and is over 76% of the weight of all plant matter. Most often the term monomer refers to the organic molecules which form can appear in homopolymeric blocks of consecutive G-residues (G-blocks), consecutive M-residues (M-blocks), alternating M and G-residues (MG-blocks), or randomly organized blocks.
Forms
Commercial varieties of alginate are extracted from seaweed Seaweed is a loose, colloquial term encompassing macroscopic, multicellular, benthic marine algae. The term includes some members of the red, brown and green algae. Seaweeds can also be classified by use, including the giant kelp Kelp are large seaweeds belonging to the brown algae (class Phaeophyceae) and are classified as the order Laminariales. There are about 300 different genera. Some species can be very long and form kelp forests Macrocystis pyrifera, Ascophyllum nodosum, and various types of Laminaria. It is also produced by two bacterial The bacteria ( [bækˈtɪəriə] ; singular: bacterium)[α] are a large group of single-celled, prokaryote microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a wide range of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria are ubiquitous in every habitat on Earth, growing in soil, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, genera In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank (a taxon) used in the classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia. The term comes from Latin genus "descent, family, type, gender", cognate with Greek: γένος – genos, "race, stock, kin" Pseudomonas Pseudomonas is a genus of gamma proteobacteria, belonging to the larger family of pseudomonads and Azotobacter Azotobacter is a genus of usually motile, oval or spherical bacteria that form thick-walled cysts, and may produce large quantities of capsular slime. Azotobacter is an aerobic, free-living soil microbe which fixes nitrogen from the atmosphere. Beyond Azotobacter’s use as a model organism it has biotechnological applications. Examples are its, which played a major role in the unravelling of its biosynthesis Biosynthesis is an enzyme-catalyzed process in cells of living organisms by which substrates are converted to more complex products. The biosynthesis process often consists of several enzymatic steps in which the product of one step is used as substrate in the following step. Examples for such multi-step biosynthetic pathways are those for the pathway. Bacterial alginates are useful for the production of micro- or nanostructures suitable for medical applications.[2]
Uses
Alginate absorbs water quickly, which makes it useful as an additive in dehydrated Dehydration is defined as an excessive loss of body fluid. It is literally the removal of water (Ancient Greek: ὕδωρ hýdōr) from an object, however in physiological terms, it entails a deficiency of fluid within an organism products such as slimming aids, and in the manufacture of paper and textiles. It is also used for waterproofing Waterproof or water-resistant describes objects relatively unaffected by water or resisting the ingress of water under specified conditions. Such items may be used in wet environments or under water to specified depths. Waterproofing describes making an object waterproof or water-resistant and fireproofing Fireproofing, a passive fire protection measure, refers to the act of making materials or structures more resistant to fire, or to those materials themselves, or the act of applying such materials. Applying a certification listed fireproofing system to certain structures allows these to have a fire-resistance rating. The term fireproof does not fabrics, as a gelling agent Thickening agents, or thickeners, are substances which, when added to an aqueous mixture, increase its viscosity without substantially modifying its other properties, such as taste. They provide body, increase stability, and improve suspension of added ingredients. Thickening agents are often used as food additives and in cosmetics and personal, for thickening In cooking, thickening is the process of increasing the viscosity of a liquid either by reduction, or by the addition of a thickening agent, typically containing starch drinks, ice cream and cosmetics, and as a detoxifier Detoxification is the physiological or medicinal removal of toxic substances from a living organism, including, but not limited to, the human body and additionally can refer to the period of withdrawal during which an organism returns to homeostasis after long-term use of an addictive substance. In conventional medicine, detoxification can be that can absorb poisonous metals from the blood.[citation needed]
Alginate is used in various pharmaceutical A pharmaceutical drug, also referred to as medicine, medication or medicament, can be loosely defined as any chemical substance intended for use in the medical diagnosis, cure, treatment, or prevention of disease preparations such as Gaviscon, Bisodol, and Asilone. Alginate is used extensively as a impression-making material in dentistry Dentistry, which is a part of stomatology, is the branch of medicine that is involved in the evaluation, diagnosis, prevention, and surgical or non-surgical treatment of diseases, disorders and conditions of the oral cavity, maxillofacial area and the adjacent and associated structures and their impact on the human body. Dentistry is widely, prosthetics An artificial limb is a type of prosthesis that replaces a missing extremity, such as arms or legs. The type of artificial limb used is determined largely by the extent of an amputation or loss and location of the missing extremity. Artificial limbs may be needed for a variety of reasons where a body part is either missing from the body or is too, lifecasting. It is also used in the food industry, for thickening soups and jellies.
Calcium alginate is used in different types of medical products, including burn dressings that promote healing and can be removed with less pain than conventional dressings.
Also, due to alginate's biocompatibility Biocompatibility is related to the behavior of biomaterials in various contexts. The term may refer to specific properties of a material without specifying where or how the material is used, or to more empirical clinical success of a whole device in which the material or materials feature. The ambiguity of the term reflects the ongoing development and simple gelation with divalent In chemistry, a divalent ion or molecule has a valence of two and thus can form two covalent bonds with other ions or molecules. An older term for divalent is bivalent cations An ion is an atom or molecule in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons, giving it a net positive or negative electrical charge such as Ca2+, it is widely used for cell immobilization and encapsulation.
Alginic acid (alginato) is also used in culinary arts Culinary art is the art of preparing and/or cooking foods. The word "culinary" is defined as something related to, or connected with, cooking or kitchens. A culinarian is a person working in the culinary arts. A culinarian working in restaurants is commonly known as a cook or a chef. Culinary artists are responsible for skillfully, most notably in the "Esferificación" (Sphereification) techniques of Ferran Adrià of El Bulli in Roses, Girona Roses is a municipality in the comarca of the Alt Empordà in Catalonia, Spain. It is situated on the coast at the northern end of the Gulf of Roses, and is an important fishing port and tourist centre. The C-260 road links the town with Figueres, where natural juices of fruits and vegetables are encapsulated in bubbles that "explode" on the tongue when consumed. One of the most famous examples of this use of alginic acid was when Ferran Adrià used alginic acid to make apple caviar.[3]
Due to its ability to absorb water quickly, alginate can be changed through a lyophilization process to a new structure that has the ability to expand. It is used in the weight loss industry as an appetite suppressant An anorectic or anorexic , also known as anorexigenic or appetite suppressant, is a dietary supplements and/or drug which reduces appetite, food consumption, and as a result, causes weight loss to occur.
Sodium alginate
The chemical compound A chemical compound is a pure chemical substance consisting of two or more different chemical elements that can be separated into simpler substances by chemical reactions. Chemical compounds have a unique and defined chemical structure; they consist of a fixed ratio of atoms that are held together in a defined spatial arrangement by chemical bonds sodium alginate is the sodium Sodium is a metallic element with a symbol Na (from Latin natrium or Arabic ناترون natrun; perhaps ultimately from Egyptian netjerj) and atomic number 11. It is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal and is a member of the alkali metals within "group 1" (formerly known as ‘group IA’). It has only one stable isotope, 23Na salt In chemistry, salts are ionic compounds that can result from the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base. Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions (negative ions) so that the product is electrically neutral (without a net charge). These component ions can be inorganic such as chloride (Cl−), as well as organic such as of alginic acid. Its empirical formula In chemistry, the empirical formula of a chemical compound is the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound. An empirical formula makes no reference to isomerism, structure, or absolute number of atoms. The empirical formula is used as standard for most ionic compounds, such as CaCl2, and for macromolecules, such is NaC6H7O6. Its form as a flavorless gum Natural gums are polysaccharides of natural origin, capable of causing a large viscosity increase in solution, even at small concentrations. In the food industry they are used as thickening agents, gelling agents, emulsifiers and stabilisers. Most often these gums are found in the woody elements of plants or in seed coatings, when extracted from the cell walls of brown algae The Phaeophyceae or brown algae, is a large group of mostly marine multicellular algae, including many seaweeds of colder Northern Hemisphere waters. They play an important role in marine environments both as food, and for the habitats they form. For instance Macrocystis, a member of the Laminariales or kelps, may reach 60 m in length, and forms, is used by the foods industry to increase viscosity Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a fluid which is being deformed by either shear stress or tensile stress. In everyday terms , viscosity is "thickness". Thus, water is "thin", having a lower viscosity, while honey is "thick", having a higher viscosity. Put simply, the less viscous the fluid is, the greater and as an emulsifier An emulsion is a mixture of two or more immiscible (unblendable) liquids. Emulsions are part of a more general class of two-phase systems of matter called colloids. Although the terms colloid and emulsion are sometimes used interchangeably, emulsion tends to imply that both the dispersed and the continuous phase are liquid. In an emulsion, one. It is also used in indigestion Dyspepsia , also known as upset stomach or indigestion, refers to a condition of impaired digestion. It is a medical condition characterized by chronic or recurrent pain in the upper abdomen, upper abdominal fullness and feeling full earlier than expected when eating. It can be accompanied by bloating, belching, nausea, or heartburn. Dyspepsia is tablets and the preparation of dental impressions.
External links
References
- ^ Roew, Raymond (2009), "Adipic Acid", Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, pp. 11-12
- ^ Remminghorst and Rehm (2009). "Microbial Production of Alginate: Biosynthesis and Applications". Microbial Production of Biopolymers and Polymer Precursors. Caister Academic Press. ISBN The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering (SBN) code created by Gordon Foster, now Emeritus Professor of Statistics at Trinity College, Dublin, for the booksellers and stationers W.H. Smith and others in 1966 978-1-904455-36-3.
- ^ "Lo Mejor de la Gastronomia". StarChefs.com. http://starchefs.com/events/lo_mejor_de_la_gastronomia/2003/html/apple_caviar_f_adria.shtml. Retrieved 2007-11-14.
Categories: Polysaccharides | Gums | Edible thickening agents | Copolymers | Dental materials | Excipients
|
Tue, 27 Jul 2010 03:14:14 GMT+00:00
upeks online LG Electronics mengaplikasikan material kain sutra yang diberi nama Cloth Edge dan Alginic Acid dengan membungkus pada speakernya. ...
Tue, 25 Dec 2007 15:45:09 PST
A funny, yet educational video, once again brought to you by Black And Wight Films, about the horrors of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD, Acid) We ... video.google.com.
kasume
Sat, 27 Feb 2010 08:02:09 GM
If you suffer from GERP, you have experienced sleepless painful nights. Imagine a night of restful sleep and cure for your pain and discomfort. More: continued here.
